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魏晋时期张斐杜预对后世律法的贡献-张斐的著作是什么?

来源:名资汇网 作者:caiji007 2023-08-09

我国传统法学的律学研究已有2000多年的历史。作为魏晋名士,张斐对律学的研究具有很高的造诣,是一位著名的魏晋学者。以注释《晋律》而闻名天下。“以礼率律”,认为法的根本精神是礼,一切律条都必须与“礼乐”相一致,与“礼乐”相一致。张斐的思想是礼法合一、礼入法的立法原则的升华,在封建正统法学理论中得到坚持。

法学从业者和研究者

魏末晋初的三国张斐,出生年月不详。西晋时担任法椽、奴仆。因缺乏文献记载,今天已很难全面了解张斐的生平事迹,但可以知道张斐一生主要从事法律实践与研究。张斐具有丰富的法律知识,对律法的深入研究,与其个人经历密切相关。

张斐在晋武帝司马炎时期任司马。“明法椽”是从秦汉到北齐最高司法机关廷尉所属的法律部门。顾名思义,“明法”就是要通晓政体。明法名为汉、唐、宋三代各科考官和科举人的考试科目。汉武帝建元初期,武帝命令郡县察举制,设四科,其中三科为明政令,即明政令,是后世明政令的开端。在明法椽中,张斐是负责解释法律条文的官员。他的主要工作,可以说就是研究法律本身,他自己也有责任。其对法律的解释,并非其本身的行为,而常常直接上升到国家的法律实践中去。

中国古代通常指律法。战国时期,我国最早的法典是李悝的法经。随后,商鞅将《法经》带入秦国,改变了法律,从那以后,法典就以律为准。秦汉时,法律尚未成为法典的专称,有些单行法规也被称为律,如田律、工律、金布律等。在魏晋时期,律成为法典的专用名称,也就是刑法典的称谓。张斐生活在魏晋时代,这一时期中国封建法律制度发生了重大变化,中国封建法律思想的发展进入了一个新的历史阶段。

从汉武帝开始,由于“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”的政策,法学的发展打上了儒家经学的烙印,直到东汉时期,空谈德礼的谶纬经学盛行,法学逐渐成为经学的附庸。汉末,天下大乱,民不聊生。有知识的人开始重新认识和研究现实问题。现在,人们已不再偏执地迷信纲常名教,更加重视对刑名本的研究。

在此期间,出现了一批专攻法律注释、法理解释的律学家,他们对法律的本质、法律的精神,法律各部分的内在联系,法律名词概念的界定等问题进行了广泛而深入的探讨,确定了过去长期以来一直未明确的法律名词术语的内涵,使其界限更加清晰,大大丰富了中国封建法律思想。在当时,张斐是最著名的法律学者。

注释国家法律

作为我国古代法律史上一位举足轻重的人物,张斐对《晋律》的注解是其主要功绩。西晋律例,始于晋武帝父亲司马昭辅佐魏政之时。那时,司马昭命贾充、杜预等人参照汉律、魏律开始编纂,晋武帝于泰始三年(公元267年)完成并于次年颁布施行。因为颁布于泰始年间,所以又被称为泰始律。

在中国封建社会,《晋律》是最早以儒学为主要内容的一部法典,其主要特征是“宽礼防,准五服”。以汉代九章律、魏新律为基础,共分为二十卷,分为二十卷。与前代律令相比,晋律内容有所放宽。其《减枭、斩、诛、从命之条》,对女子的判决也有轻判之意。这些变化,使《晋律》在实施中能起到缓和阶级矛盾、统治阶级内部矛盾、巩固司马氏江山的作用。晋书·刑律志》称其为“补之苛秽,存之清约,事之典章,益之时间”。

在《晋律》完成后,晋武帝司马炎认为法律条文太过简单,概念不清,便专门下诏,让张斐和杜预一起在当时已有相当声望的法学家们对律法进行注释。张、杜二人采汉世律家诸说之长,对《晋律》作了注解,总结了历代刑法理论和刑事立法的经验。张杜二人对《晋律》的注释,经晋武帝批准下诏天下,与《晋律》具有同等法律效力。而张斐、杜预的注解则是对晋律的诠释,使法律概念更规范、准确,有利于人们统一认识法律。从整体上看,《律令》比以前的法典更具规范性和科学性。这两部经皇帝批准,颁发天下,注释与律文具有同等法律效力,称为“张杜律”。张斐与杜预齐名,对后世影响深远。

一部传世名著张斐的律注

张斐一生钻研法律,著述丰富。史书记载,他著有《律解》(二十卷)、《杂律》(二十一卷)、《汉晋律序注》等。据《隋书·经籍志》记载:“汉晋律注一卷,晋仆长张斐撰,杂律解二卷,二十一卷,张斐撰”,说明隋唐时期张斐的法律著作仍有保留。在我国,有很多珍贵的图书资料因历史上的战争动乱而失传。目前,张斐的著作绝大多数已失传,只有《晋书·刑法典志》中保留了他的一部《律》。本文为张斐对《晋律》的注解,注解完成后,给晋武帝司马炎上表作了一篇简述摘要。

一部法典的法典,首[文]先规定了法典的内容[章],即“王政布之于上[来],诸侯奉之于下,礼[自]乐抚之于中”,三者[历]“相须而成,若一体[史]焉”。在他看来,法[大]律应该体现“礼乐”[全]精神,由国家统一制[网]定、颁布,臣民无条[文]件服从、奉行。他认[章]为,“礼乐”是封建[来]伦理道德观念和封建[自]等级制度的体现,因[历]此,他认为,礼乐是[史]法的灵魂,法是礼乐[大]实现的工具和保证。[全]因此,“以礼敬上,[网]故降之刑”。要维护[文]封建等级制度,实现[章]法制的统一,也只能[来]依靠法律手段。

在张斐看来,一部法[自]律,就像《易》经一[历]样,“其意旨远,其[史]辞文远,其言典而中[大],其事肆而隐”(《[全]易系辞典》)。它所[网]含的“理”,精玄而[文]深刻。所以,应该“[章]慎其变,察其理”。[来]律注中的“理”有两[自]层含义,一是封建纲[历]常伦理,二是事物本[史]身的逻辑和规律。而[大]且两者都是统一的。[全]

在审律之理上,张斐对《晋律》中的一些重要法律概念和术语进行了具体的阐释。在他看来,正确理解这些体现“理”基本精神的概念和术语,即“比律义名”,对认定犯罪、适用刑罚具有重要意义。举例来说,欺骗和欺骗。辱骂即欺;欺骗即欺骗。两者都是通过欺骗手段进行犯罪活动,其行为虽相似,但性质却大不相同。张斐综合汉代律家的观点,进一步明确了:谩骂指的是臣民对君主不忠的欺骗行为,处之以重刑;诽谤指的是臣民之间背信弃义的欺诈行为,处之以相对辱骂轻的刑罚,从而明确了两者的区别。因此,在审理欺骗行为案件时,可以方便地确定犯罪性质,准确适用刑罚。

张斐认为,有的律文虽然表面上不符合逻辑,但实际上很有道理。所以,应该“谨慎行事”。并举例子说:「若不承用诏书,无故失刑,当自赎。谋反同伍,实不知情,当从刑。因此,有失之变。根据前代的经验,晋律规定:“不用诏书”,是以过失为罪的。在张斐看来,这里的“无端失礼”是有道理的。这是因为官员们在执行公务时,犯了“不用诏书”的罪,就是“意善功恶”。因此只能按过失论罪,并处以赎罪。但是张斐认为,对于“不知情”者,不适用“同伍”者。谋反罪不分故意和过失,以故意论罪,判处重刑。可见,张斐要求审律之理与慎律之变的本意,就是要让人们认识到,封建法是维护封建统治利益的工具,对法所作的任何解释,都必须符合这一“理”。在我国法律发展史上,《晋律》是一部承前启后的法律,可惜没有流传下来。而张斐的《律注表》对我们理解律注表的内容非常有价值。

魏晋时期是中国封建法律体系发生重大变革的时期,也是中国封建法律由粗俗走向完备的关键时期。作为魏晋时期的法律思想家,张斐的法律思想为当时的法制建设提供了必要的理论基础,其立法思想对当时的司法活动有直接的指导意义,对后世封建法律制度的发展也有深远的影响。

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