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清末列强控制的省份都有哪些-东南互保发起的原因是什么? - 全文

来源:名资汇网 作者:caiji007 2023-08-17

太平天国农民起义,实际上是被以曾国藩为代表的汉人地主阶级打下来的。他们获得了报酬,控制各省的实权,而不听慈禧的话。十分知名的一件事,便是东南互保。

别以为慈禧在中国牛哄哄,她直接操纵的地界并不算太大。东三省(奉天、吉林省、黑龙江省)、外蒙古、新疆省、内蒙古自治区、直隶北边,是俄罗斯的势力范围。山东省是德国的势力范围。福建省是日本国的势力范围。

英国的势力范围主要集中在经济发展比较发达的长江流域,包含四川、贵州省、湖北省、湖南省、河南省、江苏省(含上海市)、浙江省、江西省。

法国的势力范围在云南省、广东省。而这在两个省,英国也是有极强的话语权,英法两国之间在滇、粤两省的势力范围是交叉式的。

清朝能直接操纵的,仅有直隶南边、山西省、陕西省、甘肃省大部分、青海省、西藏自治区。而在广西省,法国的话语权十分强,清朝的操纵和法国的势力范围是交叉式的。

世界各国在自身的势力范围内,有铁路工程建筑权和矿山开采开采权,日本国还规定清朝不可把福建省租借给他国。

东南互保事件,能够分成两个阶段。

一、1900年前后,义和团运动暴发。见到义和团有可能威胁到英国在华权益。英国必须和东南各省的督抚商谈,让他们抱成团。各省督抚巨头都是有自身的权益,并不是英国一句话就能处理问题的。英国搬离经济界“天神”一样的角色——邮政大臣盛宣怀。

由盛宣怀出面,把湖广总督张之洞、两江总督刘坤一商谈到一起。多方商谈,签署《东南保护约款》。要求由两江和湖广走在前台,维护英国势力范围的权益。而这针对各省督抚而言也有益的。他们能够打着英国的幌子,对官府说英国人讲过:必须那么做,不然……

慈禧素来是怕洋鬼子[文]的,轻易不敢惹恼洋[章]鬼子,只有任凭这种[来]原本就不太听话的督[自]抚瞎折腾。

二、慈禧为了自身的权益,破天荒地对外强势起來,要对十一国帝国主义宣战。但是,慈禧直接操纵的地界并不大,要与列国宣战,必须这种督抚操纵的各省出钱出力发兵。

同治之后,官僚士人出生的督抚整体实力坐大,谁都不愿意将自身累死累活拼出来的地盘交到慈禧。和帝国主义战斗,这种督抚本也不认可,再让他们放血做损害自身权益的事儿,谁傻?

慈禧要宣战的是帝国[历]主义,这就惹恼了帝[史]国主义能够施加影响[大]的各省督抚,而不但[全]是地区很大的英国势[网]力范围,各省大佬们[文]联合应对慈禧。

站到前台的,有两江总督刘坤一、湖广总督张之洞、两广总督李鸿章,山东巡抚袁世凯,闽浙总督许应骙。这是总督一级的。巡抚一级,两江治下的安徽省巡抚王之春,闽浙治下的浙江巡抚刘树棠,两广治下的广东省巡抚德寿都支持东南互保方案。

德寿還是清朝八旗出生,却也立在汉臣督抚这里。而四川总督奎俊、陕西省巡抚端方是那样的状况,将会出于这一点,他们不太好直接扫慈禧情面。但是,针对东南互保,他们是十分支持,事实上也相当于参与。

1900年6月21[章]日,清朝宣布向帝国[来]主义宣战。但操纵邮[自]政电报的盛宣怀暗地[历]里押下清朝的宣战谕[史]旨,暗地里告知各省[大]督抚:对外说谕旨是[全]光绪被控制的状况下[网]签定的,不作数,无[文]需听慈禧的。

深谋远虑的李鸿章发明一个词——乱命,说对外宣战并不是皇帝原意,两广不可奉诏,各省督抚竞相附合,公然让慈禧当众出丑。

此外,湖广总督张之洞还明确提出一个提议:万一天下乱到一发不可收拾,为了國家不亡,可由李鸿章担任大总统,为天下盟主。为何必须是李鸿章当大总统?由于他和英美的关系较为近。说句通俗化的,便是后台硬。

东南互保,仅仅一个[章]迫不得已状况下的最[来]坏确保,轻易是不能[自]用的,终究慈禧仍在[历],表面文章也要做足[史]。可是,根据东南互[大]保事件,全球的人都[全]看到了:清朝原来这[网]般虚弱不堪!


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