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高二数学下学期知识点总结_高二数学推理知识点大总结

来源:名资汇网 作者:caiji007 2023-06-14

  高中数学的推理要么不出,要么直接在出一个答题占据很多分数,但是做这个题目又很花费时间,原因是因为对知识点不清楚,小编在此整理了相关资料,希望能帮助到您。

  一、知识络

  二、合情推理

  (一)归纳推理

  1.归纳推理:由某类事物的部分对象具有某些特征,推出该类事物的全部对象具有这些特征的推理,或者由个别事实概括出一般结论的推理,称为归纳推理。简言之,归纳推理是由部分到整体、由个别到一般的推理。

  2.归纳推理的一般步骤:

  第一步,通过观察个别情况发现某些相同的性质;

  第二步,从已知的相同性质中推出一个明确表述的一般命题(猜想)。

  题型1:用归纳推理发现规律

  (1)观察:

  对于任意正实数,试写出使成立的一个条件可以是____.

  点拨:前面所列式子的共同特征特征是被开方数之和为22,故

  (2)蜜蜂被认为是自然界中最杰出的建筑师,单个蜂巢可以近似地看作是一个正六边形,如图为一组蜂巢的截面图。其中第一个图有1个蜂巢,第二个图有7个蜂巢,第三个图有19个蜂巢,按此规律,以表示第幅图的蜂巢总数。则

  【解题思路】找出的关系式

  [解析]

  总结:处理递推型问题的方法之一是寻找相邻两组数据的关系

  (二)类比推理

  1.类比推理:由两类对象具有某些类似特征和其中一类对象的某些已知特征,推出另一类对象也具有这些特征的推理。简言之,类比推理是由特殊到特殊的推理。

  2.类比推理的一般步骤:

  第一步:找出两类对象之间可以确切表述的相似特征;

  第二步:用一类对象的已知特征去推测另一类对象的特征,从而得出一个猜想.

  题型2:用类比推理猜想新的命题

  (1)已知正三角形内切圆的半径是高的,把这个结论推广到空间正四面体,类似的结论是______.

  【解题思路】从方法的类比入手

  [解析]

  原问题的解法为等面积法,即,类比问题的解法应为等体积法,

  即正四面体的内切球的半径是高

  总结:

  ①不仅要注意形式的类比,还要注意方法的类比。

  ②类比推理常见的情形有:平面向空间类比;低维向高维类比;等差数列与等比数列类比;实数集的性质向复数集的性质类比;圆锥曲线间的类比等

  (三)合情推理

  1.定义:归纳推理和类比推理都有是根据已有的事实,经过观察、分析、比较、联想,再进行归纳、类比,然后提出猜想的推理,我们把它们统称为合情推理。简言之,合情推理就是合乎情理的推理。

  2.推理的过程:

  思考探究:

  (1)归纳推理与类比推理有何区别与联系?

  ①归纳推理是由部分到整体,从特殊到一般的推理。通常归纳的个体数目越多,越具有代表性,那么推广的一般性命题也会越可靠,它是一种发现一般性规律的重要方法。

  ②类比推理是从特殊到特殊的推理,是寻找事物之间的共同或相似性质。类比的性质相似性越多,相似的性质与推测的性质之间的关系就越相关,从而类比得出的结论就越可靠。

  三、演绎推理

  (一)含义:

  1.演绎推理是从一般性的原理出发,推出某个特殊情况下的结论。演绎推理又叫逻辑推理。

  2.演绎推理的特点是由一般到特殊的推理。

  (二)演绎推理的模式

  1.演绎推理的模式采用三段论:

  (1)大前提已知的一般原理(M是P);

  (2)小前提所研究的特殊情况(S是M);

  (3)结论根据一般原理,对特殊情况做出的判断(S是P)。

  2.从集合的角度看演绎推理:

  (1)大前提:x∈M且x具有性质P;

  (2)小前提:y∈S且SM

  (3)结论:y具有性质P

  (三)演绎推理与合情推理

  合情推理与演绎推理的关系:

  1.从推理形式上看,归纳是由部分到整体、个别到一般的推理,类比是由特殊到特说的推理;演绎推理是由一般到特殊的推理。

  2.从推理所得的结论来看,合情推理的结论不一定正确,有待进一步证明;演绎推理在大前提、小前提和推理形式都正确的前提下,得到的结论一定正确。

  四、直接证明与间接证明

  (一)三种证明方法:综合法、分析法、反证法

  分析法和综合法是思维方向相反的两种思考方法。在数学解题中,分析法是从数学题的待证结论或需求问题出发,一步一步地探索下去,最后达到题设的已知条件。

  综合法则是从数学题的已知条件出发,经过逐步的逻辑推理,最后达到待证结论或需求问题。对于解答证明来说,分析法表现为执果索因,综合法表现为由果导因,它们是寻求解题思路的两种基本思考方法,应用十分广泛。

  反证法:它是一种间接的证明方法。用这种方法证明一个命题的一般步骤:

  (1)假设命题的结论不成立;

  (2)根据假设进行推理,直到推理中导出矛盾为止

  (3)断言假设不成立

  (4)肯定原命题的结论成立

  用反证法证明一个命题的步骤,大体上分为:(1)反设;(2)归谬;(3)结论。

  重难点:在函数、三角变换、不等式、立体几何、解析几何等不同的数学问题中,选择好证明方法并运用三种证明方法分析问题或证明数学命题

  考点1:综合法

  在锐角三角形中,求证:

  [解析]

  考点2:分析法

  已知,求证

  [解析]

  总结:注意分析法的格式是要证只需证,而不是因为所以

  考点3:反证法

  已知,证明方程没有负数根

  【解题思路】正难则反,选择反证法,因涉及方程的根,可从范围方面寻找矛盾

  [解析]

  总结:否定性命题从正面突破往往比较困难,故用反证法比较多

  五、数学归纳法

  1.数学归纳法的定义:

  一般地,当要证明一个命题对于不小于某正整数N的所有正整数n都成立时,可以用以下两个步骤:

  (1)证明当时命题成立;

  (2)假设当时命题成立,证明n=k+1时命题也成立。

  在完成了这两个步骤后,就可以断定命题对于不小于的所有正整数都成立。这种证明方法称为数学归纳法。

  2.数学归纳法的本质:

  无穷的归纳→有限的演绎(递推关系)

  3.数学归纳法步骤:

  (1)(递推奠基):当n取第一个值结论正确;

  (2)(递推归纳):假设当时结论正确;(归纳假设)

  证明当n=k+1时结论也正确。(归纳证明)

  由(1),(2)可知,命题对于从开始的所有正整数n都正确。

  题型1:已知n是正偶数,用数学归纳法证明时,若已假设时命题为真,则还需证明()

  A.n=k+1时命题成立

  B.n=k+2时命题成立

  C.n=2k+2时命题成立

  D.n=2(k+2)时命题成立

  [解析]因n是正偶数,故只需证等式对所有偶数都成立,因k的下一个偶数是k+2,故选B

  总结:

  用数学归纳法证明时,要注意观察几个方面:

  (1)n的范围以及递推的起点

  (2)观察首末两项的次数(或其它),确定n=k时命题的形式

  (3)从的差异,寻找由k到k+1递推中,左边要加(乘)上的式子

  题型2:用数学归纳法证明不等式

  [解析]

  总结:

  (1)数学归纳法证明命题,格式严谨,必须严格按步骤进行;

  (2)归纳递推是证明的难点,应看准目标进行变形;

  (3)由k推导到k+1时,有时可以套用其它证明方法,如:比较法、分析法等,表现出数学归纳法灵活的一面。

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