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高中所有化学方程整理|初中八年化学方程式配平方法

来源:名资汇网 作者:caiji007 2023-06-21

  初中化学前的知识点可是不少,大家总是犯愁这么零碎的知识点该如何记忆啊?。小编在此整理了初中八年化学方程式配平方法,希望能帮助到您。

  初中八年化学方程式配平方法一

  一,观察法:

  例题一,氢氧化钠和盐酸反应:NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O,在这个化学反应方程式中,我们只有先观察一下化学反应方程式左右两边的原子个数,我们很快就能发现化学反应方程式两个的原子个数是相等的,也就说已配平了,我们在按照要求去写完化学反应方程式后,先要观察一下,看看左右两边的化学反应方程式的原子个数是否相等,如不相等再考虑如下的几种方法。

  二,MnO2奇数配偶数法

  例题二,用双氧水和二氧化锰制取氧气,2H2O2===2H2O+O2↑,在这个化学反应方程式中,右边的H2O中的氧原子是奇数,左边的H2O2的氧原子是偶数,所以我们先在水面添上化学计量数2,这样氢原子是四个,所以在H2O2前就要添上计量数2,这种方法是初中化学中最常见的化学反应配平方法,这一类化学反应方程式配平时,先是看两边的原子中右下角的系数,(要记住化学式中各个原子右下角的系数是不能改动的)看两边的原子存不存在一个是奇数一个是偶数,如存在则可以用此种方法,而且最主要的是先找一找氧原子有没有这种情况。

  三,点燃待定系数法高温

  例题三,酒精燃烧的化学反应方程式:C2H5OH+3O2===CO2+3H2O,在这一化学反应方程式中,我们先把C2H5OH的化学计量数定为1,那个CO2前就只能添化学计量数2,H2O前添化学计量数3,右边有7个氧原子,由于C2H5OH提供了一个氧原子,所以由氧气提供的氧原子就只要6个,所以在氧原子前面添上化学计量数3,化学方程式就配平了,这种方法对于配平有机物(碳氢氧化合物)燃烧生成二氧化碳和水时很方便。这种方法主要是先把有机物的化学计量数定为1,然后再配平碳和氢原子,再后来配平氧原子。

  四,一氧化碳与氧化铁反应:3CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2在这个化学反应方程式中,仔细研究我们可以看到还原剂CO的计量数就是氧化铁中氧原子的个数,根据这一规律这类化学反应方程式都可以这样来配平,再比如:4CO+Fe3O4==3Fe+4CO2,CO+FeO==Fe+CO2中还原剂CO的化学计量数都与氧化剂中的氧原子个数都一样,解决了氧化剂的化学计量数,其它物质的化学计量数也就容易解决了。

  初中化学反应方程式的配平要求不会太高,也不会太难,如你能熟练掌握上述四种方法,我相信你中考中的化学方程式的书写便没有问题了,请你利用上述方法来配平下列化学反应方程式。

  (1)过氧化钠(Na2O2)是潜水艇氧气再生装置中制氧剂,它是一种淡黄色粉末,能与二氧化碳反应生成氧气和纯碱

  (2)高铁酸钾(K2Fe04)是具有紫色光泽的微细结晶粉末,它的氧化性超过高锰酸钾,是一种集氧化、吸附、凝聚、杀菌、灭藻的新型、高效的多功能水处理剂,高铁酸钾与水反应的化学方程式。

  初中八年化学方程式配平方法二

  一、最小公倍数法

  配平方法是:求出方程式两边相同原子前系数的最小公倍数,然后用该最小公倍数除以各自的原子个数,所得的值就是对应物质的系数。

  例1.

  的配平

  (1)找出式子两边原子个数最多的氧原子

  (2)求出氧原子的最小公倍数为10

  (3)10除以5等于2,2就是P2O5的系数,写在P2O5前面,同理可得O2的系数为5。

  (4)再用同样的方法求出P的系数为4。

  (5)配平后要注反应条件和划上等号(有时还要注↑和↓)。

  即

  这是最基本、最常用的配平方法,也是其它配平方法的基础。初中大多数化学方程式的配平用这种方法,要求初三学生能够熟悉地运用它。

  练习:

  二、用奇数配偶数法

  用这一方法配平的化学方程式的特点是:某元素在式子里出现的次数较多,且各端的原子总数是一奇一偶。

  配平方法:选定该元素作为配平的起点,先把奇数变为最小的偶数(即乘以2),再确定其它化学式的系数。

  例2.

  氧是这一方程式里出现次数最多的元素,就以氧作为配平的起点。因为反应物里氧原子2个,是偶数个,生成物里氢原子3个,是奇数个,偶数个肯定不等于奇数个,所以我们可以先在化学式H2O前写一个最小的偶数2,再用最小公倍数进一步配平。

  写上2后,左边只有2个H原子,右边有4个H原子,所以C2H2的系数应为2,要使两边碳原子总数相等,右边CO2的系数应为4,最后才确定O2的系数为5。即:

  练习:C2H6+O2

  H2O+CO2C2H4+O2

  H2O+CO2

  三、观察法

  配平方法是:(1)通过观察,从化学式比较复杂的一种生成物推求出有关各反应物和生成物的系数。(2)根据求得的化学式的系数再找出其它化学式的系数。

  例3.赤热的铁跟水蒸气反应生成四氧化三铁和氢气

  H2O+Fe

  Fe3O4+H2

  显然,Fe3O4里的3个铁原子来自反应物里的铁,而Fe3O4里的4个氧原子又来自反应物水蒸气分子里的氧原子。因此,在反应物水蒸气化学式前必须写一系数4,而铁原子前必须写一系数3。

  不难看出,在生成物氢气的化学式前要写系数4,才能使化学方程式配平,然后注明反应条件并划上等号(注:H2后面不要注上↑,因为高温下,反应物H2O呈气体状态)。

  练习:Fe2O3+CO

  Fe+CO2Fe3O4+CO

  Fe+CO2

  四、唯一元素法

  这种方法不仅适用于简单的化学方程式,也适用于较为复杂的化学方程式。首先提出两个概念唯一元素和准唯一元素。

  所谓唯一元素是指在反应物或在生成物中都只存在于一种物质的元素。

  例如:

  KClO3

  KCl+O2↑中的K、Cl、O三种元素KMnO4

  K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑中的K元素NH4HCO3

  NH3↑+CO2↑+H2O中的N、C元素所谓准唯一元素是指对于那些除唯一元素以外的其它元素,当其所在的物质中仅剩下一种物质的系数没确定时,这种元素就称之为准唯一元素。例如KMnO4

  K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑中,若只剩下MnO2,MnO2的系数没确定时,Mn元素是唯一元素,而当KMnO4、K2MnO4、MnO2三种物质的系数已确定时,O元素又成为准唯一元素。

  下面以例题说明用唯一元素法配平化学方程式的方法和步骤。

  例4.KClO3

  KCl+O2↑

  1.确定唯一元素

  初学阶段可要求学生对唯一元素做出标记以免学生搞错。

  KClO3

  KCl+O2↑

  2.假定系数

  任选一种唯一元素,假设其所在的物质中一种,系数为1,并据此推出其所在的另一种物质的系数。本例中选定的K元素,定KClO3系数为1。

  1KClO3

  1KCl+O2↑

  说明:(1)为了使两边所选定的元素原子个数相等,有可能出现分数系数,处理办法是等全部配平了,再把分数变为整数。

  (2)为了减少错误,刚开始学时,可要求学生将系数1写上,等全部配平后再把1省略掉。

  3.由已知求未知

  在已确定系数物质中,再选择一种唯一元素和准唯一元素,据此确定未知物质的系数。要求所选定的元素必须包含于一种系数未定的物质中。

  上面1中选定K元素为唯一元素

  1KClO3

  1KCl+3/2O2↑

  去分母得

  由已知求未知,不仅是一个步骤,更重要的是一条原则。分析历年来学生出错的原因,许多是没有掌握这条原则将未定系数物质有意无意当成系数为1而又改变已确定了的物质的系数,从而造成错误。

  注意:这一步操作可以重复多次,到每一种物质的系数都确定为止。

  练习:KMnO4

  K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑C4H10+O2

  CO2+H2O

  化学方程式的配平有多种方法,具体要用哪种方法,要由便捷程度和你的熟练程度来决定,只要平时多练习,自然就会熟能生巧。

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