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lo裙知识普及_植物知识普及-梅花的品种介绍

来源:名资汇网 作者:caiji007 2023-09-26

  梅花又名春梅、干枝梅等,是蔷薇科杏属植物,在我国,梅花与兰、竹、菊并称为四君子,可见人们对于梅花的喜爱。梅花在冬天开花也给人以发愤图强的精神激励,所以梅花在我国栽培非常广泛,还有花友会将其做成盆栽栽种在家中。以下这篇植物知识内容是由小编为大家精心整理提供,欢迎阅读!

  梅花的品种介绍

  中文学名:梅花

  拉丁学名:Armeniacamume

  别称:酸梅、黄仔、合汉梅、白梅花、绿萼梅、绿梅花

  界:植物界

  门:被子植物门

  纲:双子叶植物纲

  目:蔷薇目

  科:蔷薇科

  亚科:梅亚科

  属:杏属

  种:梅

  分布区域:江浙一带

  梅花盆栽的养护方法

  梅花可以说我我国文化的历史见证,品种繁多的梅花都非常受人欢迎。随着人们对于梅花的了解,现在不但可以在园艺绿化中看到梅花的身影,还能够做成盆栽放在家中欣赏。那么梅花盆栽应该注意哪些养护方法呢?

  梅花除大树地栽以外,通常进行盆栽,培养盆景,更可养成苍老梅桩。梅花有一个特点,越是枝干枯老越显出苍劲奇观。盆栽梅花的养护方法,不同于其他盆栽植物,应按照它的特点进行栽培管理。开花后,立即进行修剪整形,将开过花的枝条,留下2~3个芽,其余的除去,并将剪后的梅桩放在日光下晒5~7天,特别需要注意曝晒根部,晒后上盆,上盆时包土坨部分在稀人粪尿中蘸一下再栽。

  盆土的配制,以1/3的谷糠灰与2/3的河泥相混合,加入人粪尿拌匀,置阳光下曝晒后,过筛待用。盆底垫瓦片、石块,以利排水,然后装进较粗粒的土壤,再种下梅桩,埋土压实根部。

  上盆时,不宜浇水;3~4天后,浇水一次;7~10天后,每天浇水一次;成活后,在5~8月每天浇水1~2次。土壤不宜过湿,切忌溃水。

  梅花喜肥沃,在枝叶生长期,以施氮肥为好。8~9月,宜施完全肥料,10月以后,多施磷肥,每隔半月集中施入根部,以利开花。

  家庭盆栽梅花并不困难,但要使梅花年年花繁色艳,则须掌握以下几点养护技巧。

  1、放置场所。梅花喜阳,所以一定要放置在阳光充足、空气流通的地方。

  2、浇水。梅花很怕积水,所以要根据天气变化和生长情况灵活掌握浇水量。通常情况下以保持盆土湿润为原则,不干不浇。

  3、施肥。梅花喜肥,每年花谢后盆底应放入有机肥。在生长期可每隔半个月施薄肥一次,促其生长强壮。在花芽形成前,最好多施磷肥。

  4、修剪。梅花是当年生新枝形成花芽,所以每年花谢后,要及时修剪,将老的花枝截短,权留2~3个芽,并注意使芽向外侧生长,要将影响树形美观的交叉枝、平行枝、重叠枝、对生枝、徒生枝,以及过密、瘦弱的枝条剪去。

  5、翻盆。梅花盆景一般隔1~2年翻盆一次,时间安排在开花后为好。翻盆时,去掉旧土1/3左右,剪去枯根,修短过长的老根,换以富含腐殖质的腐叶土,掺拌砻糠灰及沙土,使盆土既肥活又疏松、透水。

  其实梅花盆栽的难度并不高,只要注意了解梅花的习性,加上科学的栽培方法,你的盆栽梅花也能够开出漂亮的花。

  梅花常见的四种繁殖方法

  梅花是我国非常常见的花木,现在有很多花友会将梅花制作成盆景放在家中观赏。梅花一般用嫁接繁殖为主,扦插和压条法偶尔使用,播种法应用的比较少。小编就为你介绍一下这几种繁殖方法的特点,有兴趣的花友们可以一起了解。

  一、播种繁殖

  梅花果实6月或稍后变色时采收,通过后熟阶段,立秋之后再除去果皮和果肉,洗净晾干备用。在年内(秋季)播种为好,具体时间可以在9月下旬进行。播种时,应将土地深翻细耙,整平、作畦,按40厘米的行距开沟,沟深3~5厘米,将种子按5~7厘米的间隔,一粒接一粒地放在土沟里,浇足水分,用细土或砂子覆盖。翌年春季,待幼苗长lO~15厘米时,便可进行移植。如果春季播种繁殖,那么应该在种子洗净晾干后用湿砂层积沙藏,早春取出条播。

  二、嫁接繁殖

  梅花的很多品种,如金钱绿萼梅、送春梅、凝香梅等,只能采取嫁接的方法繁殖。嫁接有枝接与芽接两种。砧木除用梅的实生苗外,也用桃(包括毛桃、山桃)、李、杏作砧木。以梅砧最好,亲和力强、成活率高、长势好、寿命亦长。

  枝接在2月中旬至3月上旬或10月中旬至11月进行。接穗选择健壮枝条的中段,长5~6厘米,带有2~3芽,采用切接或劈接。

  芽接以立秋前后(8月上旬)进行成活率高,多采用丁字形芽接法。接活后的当年初冬,在接芽以上5厘米处截去砧木,并修剪侧枝。翌年春接芽抽梢,待长大再将残存的砧木剪除,并随时抹去砧芽。

  以桃为砧,种子易得,嫁接易活,且接后生长快,开花多,故目前在生产上普遍应用。但是接后梅树易遭虫害,寿命缩短。为了解决这一矛盾,嫁接操作时,可将砧木距离地面2厘米处剪除地上部分,接穗选择当年生长健壮枝条,接时应注意形成层必须密切结合,再用塑料条扎紧封土直到看不见接合处为止。一个月后检查是否成活,并剪除根部萌芽,保持封土不垮。成活后也不要急于一下子去土,要逐渐助芽出土,以免新芽吹干,并随苗株的长高,加土培实,使接穗生根,这样可以克服桃砧木寿命短的缺点,大致经过2~3年接穗也能长出很多的新根,类似扦插的效果。

  梅花

  三、扦插繁殖

  扦插繁殖梅花操作简便,技术也不复杂,同时能够完全保持原品种的优良特性。梅花扦插成活率因品种不同而有差别,在常规条件下,素白台阁梅成活率最高,一般可达80%以上;小绿萼梅、宫粉梅等成活率达60%;朱砂梅、龙游梅、大羽梅、送春梅等品种则不易成活。用吲哚丁酸500ppm或萘乙酸1000ppm水剂快浸处理插条,成活率有所提高,对难以生根品种也能促进生根。

  梅花的扦插以11月份为好,因此时落叶,枝条贮有充足的养料,容易生根成活。选一年生10~12厘米长的粗壮枝条作插穗,扦插时将大部分枝条埋入土中,土面仅留2~3厘米,并且留一芽在外。要求扦插地土质疏松,排水良好。扦插后浇一次透水,加盖塑料薄膜,这样能保持小范围的温度和湿度,提高扦插成活率,以后视需要补充水分。扦插后土壤的含水量不能过大,否则影响插条愈合生根。翌年成活后,逐渐给以通风使之适应环境,最后揭去薄膜。第三年春季便可进行定株移栽。若春插,则越夏期间须搭荫棚。

  四、压条繁殖

  压条繁殖宜在2~3月进行,选择1~2年生枝条,在压入土壤的枝条下方割伤2~3刀,注意不要割得太探,如伤木质部会影响生根,将割伤那段埋入土中,操作时要注意不能使芽苞受损。压后还要培土,最好用疏松肥沃的砂质土壤。夏季注意浇水,保持土壤湿润,秋季生根后就可割离成为新植株。

  高压法往往用作繁殖大苗,来年早春即可开花。可于梅雨季节在母株上选适当枝条刻伤,用塑料膜包疏松的混合土(如泥炭加水藓),两头扎紧,保持湿度。约一个月后检查,已生根者可在压条之下截一切口,深及枝条中部,一星期后再全部切离培养。

  很多花友都因为梅花在冬天开花而喜欢它,但在饲养梅花之前还是需要了解清楚梅花的栽培方法,以免因为不了解梅花而出现将梅花养死的惨剧。


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